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Papal infallibility is a dogma of the Catholic Church that states that, in virtue of the promise of Jesus to Peter, the Pope is preserved from the possibility of error "When, in the exercise of his office as shepherd and teacher of all Christians, in virtue of his supreme apostolic authority, he defines a doctrine concerning faith or morals to be held by the whole Church."〔"Infallibility means more than exemption from actual error; it means exemption from the possibility of error," P. J. Toner, (Infallibility ), (Catholic Encyclopedia ), 1910〕〔 This doctrine was defined dogmatically in the First Vatican Council of 1869–1870, but had been defended before that, existing already in medieval theology and being the majority opinion at the time of the Counter-Reformation.〔(Brian Gogan, ''The Common Corps of Christendom'' (Brill 1982 ISBN 978-9-00406508-6), p. 33 )〕 According to Catholic theology, there are several concepts important to the understanding of infallible, divine revelation: Sacred Scripture, Sacred Tradition, and the Sacred Magisterium. The infallible teachings of the Pope are part of the Sacred Magisterium, which also consists of ecumenical councils and the "...ordinary and universal magisterium." In Catholic theology, papal infallibility is one of the channels of the infallibility of the Church. The infallible teachings of the Pope must be based on, or at least not contradict, Sacred Tradition or Sacred Scripture. The doctrine of infallibility relies on one of the cornerstones of Catholic dogma: that of petrine supremacy of the pope, and his authority as the ruling agent who decides what is accepted as formal beliefs in the Roman Catholic Church.〔Erwin Fahlbusch et al. ''The encyclopedia of Christianity'' Eradman Books ISBN 0-8028-2416-1〕 The use of this power is referred to as speaking ''ex cathedra''.〔Wilhelm, Joseph and Thomas Scannell. ''Manual of Catholic Theology''. Volume 1, Part 1. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. Ltd. 1906. pp 94–100〕 The solemn declaration of papal infallibility by Vatican I took place on 18 July 1870. Since that time, the clearest example of an ''ex cathedra'' decree (not the only such decree)〔Solemn canonization is considered an infallible declaration and has been used many times by popes. Cf. (Catholic Encyclopedia ) article on Beatification and Canonization〕 took place in 1950, when Pope Pius XII defined the Assumption of Mary as an article of faith.〔''Encyclopedia of Catholicism'' by Frank K. Flinn, J. Gordon Melton 207 ISBN 0-8160-5455-X page 267〕 Prior to the solemn definition of 1870, there were other ex cathedra decrees, for example, Pope Boniface VIII in the bull ''Unam Sanctam'' of 1302,〔"We declare, say, define, and pronounce that it is absolutely necessary for the salvation of every human creature to be subject to the Roman Pontiff."〕〔Manning, Henry Cardinal. ''Vatican Decrees in their Bearing on Civil Allegiance''. London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1875. pg 57, et. seq.: "But it is also true that these relations have been declared by the Church in acts and decrees of infallible authority. Such, for instance, is the bull of Boniface VIII., Unam Sanctam. As this has become the text and centre of the whole controversy at this moment, we will fully treat of it. This bull, then, was beyond all doubt an act ex cathedra... Whatever definition, therefore, is to be found in this bull is to be received as of faith."〕〔Fisher, George Parker. ''History of Christian Doctrine''. Edinburgh: T&T Clark. 1896. page 543〕 and Pope Pius IX in the Papal constitution ''Ineffabilis Deus'' of 1854.〔"We declare, pronounce, and define that the doctrine which holds that the most Blessed Virgin Mary, in the first instance of her conception, by a singular grace and privilege granted by Almighty God, in view of the merits of Jesus Christ, the Savior of the human race, was preserved free from all stain of original sin, is a doctrine revealed by God and therefore to be believed firmly and constantly by all the faithful."〕〔MacArthur, John F., Jr. ''Charismatic Chaos''. Grand Rapids: Zondervan. 1992. page 90〕 == Conditions for teachings being declared infallible == Statements by a pope that exercise papal infallibility are referred to as ''solemn papal definitions'' or ''ex cathedra'' teachings. Also considered infallible are the teachings of the whole body of bishops of the Church, especially but not only in an ecumenical council〔(Catechism of the Catholic Church, 891 )〕 (see Infallibility of the Church). According to the teaching of the First Vatican Council and Catholic tradition, the conditions required for ''ex cathedra'' papal teaching are as follows: # "the Roman Pontiff" # "speaks ''ex cathedra''" ("that is, when in the discharge of his office as shepherd and teacher of all Christians, and by virtue of his supreme apostolic authority....") # "he defines" # "that a doctrine concerning faith or morals" # "must be held by the whole Church" ((''Pastor Aeternus'', chap. 4 ))〔Cf. (Exploring Doctrine: Papal Infallibility; ) (Ronald J. Conte Jr, "Papal Infallibility and the Canonization of Saints" )〕 For a teaching by a pope or ecumenical council to be recognized as infallible, the teaching must: * Be a decision of the supreme teaching authority of the Church (pope or College of Bishops) *Concern a doctrine of faith or morals *Bind the universal Church *Be proposed as something to hold firmly and immutably The terminology of a definitive decree usually makes clear that this last condition is fulfilled, as through a formula such as "By the authority of Our Lord Jesus Christ and of the Blessed Apostles Peter and Paul, and by Our own authority, We declare, pronounce and define the doctrine . . . to be revealed by God and as such to be firmly and immutably held by all the faithful," or through an accompanying anathema stating that anyone who deliberately dissents is outside the Catholic Church.〔(John Harty "Theological Definition" in ''The Catholic Encyclopedia'' 1908 )〕 For example, in 1950, with ''Munificentissimus Deus'', Pope Pius XII's infallible definition regarding the Assumption of Mary, there are attached these words: In July 2005 Pope Benedict XVI stated during an impromptu address to priests in Aosta that: "The Pope is not an oracle; he is infallible in very rare situations, as we know."〔"''Pope Has No Easy "Recipe" for Church Crisis''." Zenit, 29 July 2005, retrieved 8 July 2009, (zenit.org )〕 Pope John XXIII once remarked: "I am only infallible if I speak infallibly but I shall never do that, so I am not infallible."〔(John Wilkins, "The 'straight arrow' theologian and the pope" )〕 A doctrine proposed by a pope as his own opinion, not solemnly proclaimed as a doctrine of the Church, may be rejected as false, even if it is on a matter of faith and morals, and even more any view he expresses on other matters. A well-known example of a personal opinion on a matter of faith and morals that was taught by a pope but rejected by the Church is the view that Pope John XXII expressed on when the dead can reach the beatific vision.〔Cf. (Hans Schwartz, ''Eschatology'' (Eerdmans 2000 ISBN 978-0-8028-4733-1), p. 298 )〕 The limitation on the pope's infallibility "on other matters" is frequently illustrated by Cardinal James Gibbons's recounting how the pope mistakenly called him Jibbons.〔(''The Journal of Ecclesiastical History'' 1952, vols. 3–4 )〕〔(Commonweal, vol. 57, p. 405 )〕〔(William V. Shannon, ''The American Irish'' (University of Massachusetts Press 1989 ISBN 978-0-87023-689-1), p. 120 )〕〔(Leslie Allen, ''Liberty'' (Simon & Schuster 1985), p. 236 )〕〔(Ashley Horace Thorndike, ''Modern Eloquence'' (New York 1928), p. 2 )〕 Catholic theologians in general hold that the canonization of a saint by a pope is infallible teaching that the person canonized is definitely in heaven with God. A decree of canonization commands that the person be venerated by the whole Church as a saint, while beatification merely permits it.〔(Camillo Beccari, "Beatification and Canonization" in ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' (New York 1907) )〕〔(Edward McNamara, "Canonizations and Infallibility" (ZENIT 23 August 2011) )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「papal infallibility」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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